850 mb (5000)

700 mb (10,000)

500 mb (18,000)

250 mb (34,000)

AIM AIR 2.12.3.1

For any ice to form the OAT must be at or below freezing with the presence of visible moisture.

Rime ice commonly found in stratiform clouds, low catch rate is granular, opaque and pebbly and adheres to the leading edges of antennas and windshields. Rime ice forms in low temperatures with a low concentration of small super-cooled droplets. It has little tendency to spread and can easily be removed by aircraft de-icing systems. Between 0 to -20C.

Clear ice commonly found in cumuliform clouds is glassy, smooth and hard, and tends to spread back from the area of impingement. Clear ice forms at temperatures at or just below 0°C to -10C with a high concentration of large super-cooled droplets. It is the most serious form of icing because it adheres firmly and is difficult to remove.

Frost may form on an aircraft in flight when descent is made from below-freezing conditions to a layer of warm, moist air. In these circumstances, vision may be restricted as frost forms on the windshield or canopy.

Hoar frost may form on the skin of an aircraft when a cold aircraft flies into air that is warm and moist or when it passes through air that is supersaturated with water vapor.

Ref: AIM MET 1.4 IN-FLIGHT METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION (VOLMET) P125

VOLMET contains aerodrome routine meteorological reports (METARs) and aerodrome forecasts (TAFs) for selected aerodromes and may be provided either by data link (D-VOLMET) or by voice broadcasts on designated frequencies, normally high frequency (HF).

The floors of the different control areas are as follows:

1. Arctic Control Area (ACA): The floor is FL270 (Flight Level 270) and above.
2. Northern Control Area (NCA): The floor is FL230 (Flight Level 230) and above.
3. Southern Control Area (SCA): The floor is FL180 (Flight Level 180) and above.

These altitude thresholds are important for air traffic control and management in various regions of the airspace.

Below those altitudes, it is class G uncontrolled airspace where you must broadcast on 126.7 prior to climbing.

Resource: TC AIM 2.12, CARS 602.124

Description:

An aircraft, when operated in accordance with IFR within designated mountainous regions, but outside of areas for which minimum altitudes for IFR operations have been established (including minimum vectoring altitudes, MOCAs, transition altitudes, 100NM safe altitudes, MSAs and AMAs), shall be flown at an altitude of at least 2000 feet above the highest obstacle within 5NM of the aircraft in flight when in areas 1 and 5, and at least 1500 feet above the highest obstacle within 5NM when in areas 2, 3 and 4. As minimum en-route IFR altitudes have been established for designated airways and air routes, such minimum altitudes shall be applied when flying in accordance with IFR along airways or air routes within designated mountainous regions, except that aircraft should be operated at an altitude which is at least 1000 feet higher than the minimum en-route IFR altitude, when there are large variations in temperature and/or pressure.

Aircraft operator means a person who uses, causes to be used, or authorizes to be used an aircraft, with or without the right of legal control (as owner, lessee, or otherwise), for the purpose of air navigation including the piloting of aircraft, or on any part of the surface of an airport. In specific parts or sections of this subchapter, “aircraft operator” is used to refer to specific types of operators as described in those parts or sections.

Airport operator means a person that operates an airport serving an aircraft operator or a foreign air carrier required to have a security program.

Reference: AIM AGA 7.6.4.3

Dynamic hydroplaning happens when water lifts your wheels off the runway. This usually happens when a wedge of water builds up in front of your tires and lifts them off the runway. When it happens, you're literally riding on water.

Description:

Hung Start: A hung start occurs when the engine lights off normally but doesn't accelerate to idle RPM.